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Computing Galois group II. Determine Galois and normal extension.

There is nothing more practical than a good theory, Leonid Brezhnev.

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Recall

Theorem. Let K/F be a finite extension. The following statements are equivalent:

  1. K/F is Galois.
  2. F is the fixed field of Aut(K/F), i.e., F = KGal(K/F)
  3. A finite extension K/F is Galois iff the order of the Galois group equals the degree of the extension, i.e., |Gal(K/F)| = [K : F]
  4. K/F is a normal, finite, and separable extension.
  5. K is the splitting field of a separable polynomial f ∈ F[x] over F.
  6. Let Char(F)=0 or F be finite (or more generally F is perfect). Then, a finite extension K/F is Galois if and only if K/F is normal.

Fundamental Theorem of Galois Theorem. Let K/F be a finite separable extension, i.e., a Galois extension. Let G = Gal(K/F) be the Galois group. Then, the following statements holds, (1) There is an inclusion-reversing bijective map or correspondence from subgroups of G and intermediate fields of K/F, given by H → KH, its inverse is defined by L → Gal(K/L). H1 ⊇ H2 ⇒ KH1 ⊆ KH2 and L1 ⊆ L2 ⇒ Gal(K/L1) ⊇ Gal(K/L2). Futhermore, it satisfies the following equality |H| = [K : KH] and [G : H] = [KH : F]

K | K F ^ H | [ H G | : = H [ ] K = : [ K K ^ ^ H H ] : F ]

(2) Suppose an intermediate field L (F ⊆ L ⊆ K) corresponds to the subgroup H under the Galois correspondence. K/L is always normal (hence Galois). L is Galois over F if and only if H = Gal(K/L) is a normal subgroup of G, H = Gal(K/L) ◁ G In this case, the Galois group of L/F is isomorphic to the quotient group G/H, i.e., Gal(L/F) ≋ G/Gal(K/L)

4 K | K ^ = 4 G , ( [ [ K K 3 : ^ , K G ^ : 5 G ) ] ] = = | 1 G | = K ^ 4 G =

Why [K : ℚ] = 4? We build the tower, $\mathbb{Q} ⊆ \mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{3}) ⊆ \mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{3}, \sqrt{5})$. A) $\sqrt{3}∉\mathbb{Q}$, x2 -3 is irreducible in ℚ, and degree(x2-3) = 2 ⇒ [$\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{3}) : \mathbb{Q}$] = 2. B) $\sqrt{5}∉\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{3})$, x2 -5 is irreducible in $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{3})$, and degree(x2-5) = 2 ⇒ [$\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{3}, \sqrt{5}):\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{3})$] = 2 ⇒ C) [K : ℚ] = [$\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{3}, \sqrt{5}):\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{3})$][$\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{3}) : \mathbb{Q}$] = 2·2 = 4

K/ℚ is normal. Then K/ℚ is a finite normal extension if and only if it is the splitting field of some polynomial f(x) ∈ K[x]. It suffices to consider f(x) = (x2 -3)(x2 -5). Its splitting field must contain $\sqrt{3}$ and $\sqrt{5}$ and since K is the smallest field containing both of them, K must be in fact the splitting field of f(x) ⇒ K is normal over ℚ.

Futhermore, K has 3 subfields L such that [K : L] = 2 (⇒ [L : ℚ] = 2), namely $ℚ(\sqrt{2}),ℚ(\sqrt{3}),ℚ(\sqrt{6})$, and $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{2},\sqrt{3})=\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{2} +\sqrt{3})$

K/ℚ is normal. Then K/ℚ is a finite normal extension if and only if it is the splitting field of some polynomial f(x) ∈ K[x]. It suffices to consider f(x) = (x2 -2)(x2 -3). Its splitting field must contain $\sqrt{2}$ and $\sqrt{3}$ and since K is the smallest field containing both of them, K must be in fact the splitting field of f(x) ⇒ K is normal over ℚ.

6 ( ( 2 2 2 3 , ) , I w t x ) ' ^ s 3 - a 2 t i m r o r s e t d u 2 c , i b w l e i s b y r o E o i t s e o n f s t f e ( i x n ) , = d e x g ^ ( 2 x + ^ x 3 + - 1 2 , = 0 b ) u = t 3 , i t 2 i s n o t 1 b e c a u s e ( 2 )
? = [$\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt[3]{2}, w) : \mathbb{Q}(\sqrt[3]{2})$] = 2 because (i) ? > 1 because w ∉ ℝ and $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt[3]{2}) ⊆ \mathbb{R}$. (ii) ? ≤ 2 because w is a root of unity, x3 = 1 is reducible, x3-1 = (x -1)(x2 +x +1), x2 +x +1 is irreducible of degree 2.

[$\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt[3]{2}, w): \mathbb{Q}$] = 2 · 3 = 6. We know K is the splitting field of x3 - 2 over ℚ (the roots are $\sqrt[3]{2}, \sqrt[3]{2}w, \sqrt[3]{2}w^2$, they are all in K and if you remove any of them, you don’t get K, it is generated by all its roots) ⇒ K/ℚ is normal.

The possible images of $\sqrt[3]{2}$ are $\sqrt[3]{2}, \sqrt[3]{2}w, \sqrt[3]{2}w^2$, and w can be mapped to w and w2. There exists a homomorphism K → K for every choice of images $\sqrt[3]{2}$ and w, so there are 6 (3 x 2 choices) automorphism K → K, |Gal(K/ℚ)| = 6 = [K : ℚ] ⇒ K/ℚ is Galois

$\sqrt[3]{2}$ and w are linear independent, and their images are to be chosen independently (the conjugates of a root, say α, are the images of α under the field homomorphism) of each other because $\sqrt[3]{2}$ ∈ ℝ, and w is not real. Futhermore, there exists a homomorphism K → K for every choice of images of w and $\sqrt[3]{2}$, it will send any root to one of its conjugates.

K ( 2 Q σ ) [ - x ] / K ( x ( ^ B 2 3 y w - ) 2 t h w e h e e r x e t e σ n ( s i 2 o ) n i t s h e o o n r e e m o ) f { 2 , 2 w , w ^ 2 }

Finally, what is Gal(K/ℚ)? There are only two groups of order 6 up to isomorphism, namely the cyclic group ℤ/6ℤ (Abelian), and the symmetric group of order 3, S3.

σ4∘σ5 = σ2 ≠ σ1 = σ5∘σ4 ⇒ Gal(K/ℚ) is not Abelian ⇒ Gal(K/ℚ) ≋ S3

Let’s have a look at the subgroups. The trivial subgroups are S3 (whose extension is ℚ) and {σ0 = id} (whose extension is K). The order of the proper subgroups can only be a divisor of 6 by Lagrange’s Theorem, so we are left with 2 or 3.

It is left to the reader to check that σ32 = σ42 = σ52 = σ0

σ42 (w) = σ4(w2) = w4 = w. $σ_4^{2}(\sqrt[3]{2}) = σ_4(\sqrt[3]{2}w) = \sqrt[3]{2}ww^2 = \sqrt[3]{2}w^3 = \sqrt[3]{2} ⇒ σ_4^{2} = σ_0.$

Therefore, we have the following subgroups of order 2, namely H3 = {σ0, σ3}, H4 = {σ0, σ4}, and H5 = {σ0, σ5}. None of them are normal (H◁G iff ∀g ∈ G, gNg-1 ⊆ N), e.g., H4 is not normal because σ5∘σ4∘σ5-1 = [σ52 = σ0 = id] σ5∘σ4∘σ5 = σ1∘σ5 = σ5 ∉ H4. Therefore, the corresponding field extensions (Li is the extension whose Galois group is Hi) are not Galois.

Notice that $σ_3(\sqrt[3]{2}) = \sqrt[3]{2} ⇒ ℚ(\sqrt[3]{2}) ⊆ L_3$

G a l o 6 i s K | L | _ ( 3 3 2 G ) d a e l g o ( i x s ^ 3 - 2 [ ) K = : 3 L , _ 3 x ] ^ = 3 | G - a 2 l ( i K r / r L . _ 3 ) | = 2

Therefore, $ℚ(\sqrt[3]{2}) ⊆ L_3$ and [L3 : $ℚ(\sqrt[3]{2})$] = 1 ⇒ L3 = $ℚ(\sqrt[3]{2})$. Following a similar argument, we can demonstrate that L4 = $ℚ(\sqrt[3]{2}w^2)$ (Notice: $σ_4(\sqrt[3]{2}w^2) = \sqrt[3]{2}ww^4 = \sqrt[3]{2}w^2$), and L5 = $ℚ(\sqrt[3]{2}w)$ ($σ_5\sqrt[3]{2}w = \sqrt[3]{2}w^2w^2 = \sqrt[3]{2}w$). In fact, these three extensions are isomorphic because they adjoin roots to ℚ of the same irreducible polynomial (x3 -2), that is, ℚ(α1) ≋ ℚ(α2) ≋ ℚ(α3) ≋ ℚ[x]/⟨x3 -2⟩.

As for subgroups of order 3 (they are isomorphic to ℤ3), we just need to find non trivial elements of order 3. It is left to the reader to show that σ1 and σ2 are elements of order 3, σ1∘σ2 = σ2∘σ1 = σ0, so we have only one subgroup of order 3, namely, L = {σ0, σ1, σ2}. σi(w) = w, 0 ≤ i ≤ 2 ⇒ ℚ(w) ⊆ L

G a l o 6 i s K | L | ( { w 2 σ ) G 0 d a , e l g o σ ( i 1 x s , ^ 2 σ + 2 x [ } + K 1 : ) L = ] 2 , = x | ^ G 2 a l + ( x K / + L 1 ) | i r = r . 3

Therefore, L = ℚ(w). Futhermore, since H ◁ G (all subgroups of index 2 are normal) ⇒ ℚ(w)/ℚ is a Galois extension (the splitting field of a separable polynomial x2 +x +1). The following are two diagrams with the subgroups of S3 ≋ Gal(K/ℚ) and their corresponding fixed fields.

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Gal(K, ℚ) = ⟨σ2, σ3, σ5⟩ ≋ ℤ/2ℤ x ℤ/2ℤ x ℤ/2ℤ. You can think (a, b, c) ∈ ℤ/2ℤ x ℤ/2ℤ x ℤ/2ℤ as representing $\sqrt{2}→(-1)^a,\sqrt{3}→(-1)^b, \sqrt{5}→(-1)^c$.

K/ℚ is a Galois extension (normal and separable) since K is the splitting field of the polynomial (x2 -2)(x2 -3)(x2 -5) and ℚ is the base field (char(ℚ) = 0). Another way of seeing this is [K : ℚ] = 8 = |Gal(K/ℚ)|.

Fact: The square roots of different primes are linearly independent over the field of rationals

To show that [K : ℚ] = 8, we know that [$\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{2},\sqrt{3}):\mathbb{Q}$] = 4, so by the Fundamental Theorem of Galois Theory it has either one or three intermediate fields of degree 2 over ℚ (since a group of order 4 has either a single subgroup of index 2, when the group is cyclic, or three, when it is the Klein 4-group). Since this field contains the three distinct intermediate fields $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{2}), \mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{3}),and \mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{6})$, it cannot also contain the field $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{5})$, which is clearly distinct from those three. Therefore, [K : ℚ] = [$\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{2},\sqrt{3})(\sqrt{5}):\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{2},\sqrt{3})$]·[$\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{2},\sqrt{3}):\mathbb{Q}$] = 2·4 = 8.

What is KGal(K/ℚ). We know [K : KGal(K/ℚ)] = |Gal(K/ℚ)| = 2

| 4 | 2 2 K | K | G = a l ( ( F / 2 ) )

Since [K : ℚ] = 4 ⇒ [KGal(F/ℚ) : ℚ] = 2.

Notice that $σ(\sqrt{2}) = σ(\sqrt[4]{2}\sqrt[4]{2})= σ(\sqrt[4]{2})^2 = (-\sqrt[4]{2})^2 = \sqrt{2} ⇒\sqrt{2}$ is fixed by 1 and σ ⇒ $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{2})⊆\mathbb{K}^{Gal(\mathbb{K}/\mathbb{Q})}$

( 2 2 2 2 / ) \ K | | K = G 2 a l ( ( F 2 / ) )

$\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{2})⊆\mathbb{K}^{Gal(\mathbb{K}/\mathbb{Q})}$ ⇒ $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{2})=\mathbb{K}^{Gal(\mathbb{K}/\mathbb{Q})}$

K | F r w h e r e p = c h a r ( F ) > 0

F finite, p = char(F) > 0. [Classification of finite fields. Let F be a finite field of order q = pr. Then, K is the splitting field of the polynomial xq-x ∈ $\mathbb{F}_p[x]$.] K is the splitting field of $x^{p^{r}}-x~ over~ \mathbb{F_p}$ ⇒ the extension is normal.

Let σ: K → K, σ(α) = αp, σ is a field homomorphism (x + y)p = xp + yp because when p is prime ⇒ p | ${p \choose k}$, injective ⇒ If a set X is finite, an injective map f: X → X is also surjective. Futhermore, σ(a) = a ∀a ∈ Fp ⇒ σ is an F-automorphism of K, i.e., σ ∈ Gal(K/F).

σ is injective because F field, Φ: F→ F, Ker(Φ) is an ideal of F, a field ⇒ KerΦ={e} or KerΦ = F ⇒ Φ is 1-1 because ker(Φ) is the trivial ideal, or Φ is zero (⊥ because ker(Φ) = F).

Notice σ2(α) = σ(σ(α)) = σ(αp) = (αp)p = $α^{p^{2}}, σ^i(α)=α^{p^{i}}$ ∀α ∀i ≥ 1

Let’s suppose order of σ is n, σn = id, i.e, σn(α) = α ∀α ∈ K ⇒ $σ^n(α)=α^{p^{n}}=α$ ⇒ ∀α ∈ K, α is a root of f(x) = $x^{p^{n}}-x$ in K. Since deg(f(x)) = pn, f(x) has at most pn roots. However, every element of K is a root of f ⇒ |K| = pr ≤ pn ⇒ r ≤ n.

Theorem. A polynomial f of degree n over a field F has at most n roots in F.

Futhermore, [Classification of finite fields. Let F be a finite field of order q = pr. Then, F is the splitting field of the polynomial xq-x ∈ $\mathbb{F}_p[x]$. K is the splitting field of $x^{p^{r}}-x~ over~ \mathbb{F_p}$] $σ^r(α)=α^{p^{r}}=α$ ⇒ σr = 1 ⇒ order(σ) ≤ r ⇒ n = r ⇒ The subgroup generated by σ in $Gal(\mathbb{F_{p^r}}/\mathbb{F_p})$ = {1, σ, σ2,···, σr-1} has order r ⇒ $|Gal(\mathbb{F_{p^r}}/ \mathbb{F_p})|$ ≥ r.

r r 1 K | F | F G p = ^ r F p = ^ r G a l ( F p ^ r / F p )

$r = [\mathbb{F_{p^r}} : \mathbb{F_p}] ≥ [F_{p^r} : F_{p^r}^G] = |Gal(\mathbb{F_{p^r}}/ \mathbb{F_p})|≥ r ⇒ [\mathbb{F_{p^r}} : \mathbb{F_{p^r}^G}] = r~ and~ [F_{p^r}^G : \mathbb{F_p}] = 1 ⇒ \mathbb{F_{p^r}^G} = \mathbb{F_p} ⇒ \mathbb{F_{p^r}}/ \mathbb{F_p}$ is Galois.

Futhermore, $Gal(\mathbb{F}_{p^r}/ \mathbb{F}_p)≋ℤ/rℤ$ because we have already found an automorphism of order r, so it is cyclic.

Bibliography

This content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. This post relies heavily on the following resources, specially on NPTEL-NOC IITM, Introduction to Galois Theory.
  1. NPTEL-NOC IITM, Introduction to Galois Theory.
  2. Algebra, Second Edition, by Michael Artin.
  3. LibreTexts, Abstract and Geometric Algebra, Abstract Algebra: Theory and Applications (Judson).
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